Goals
1)
To become familiar with the molecular and structural components of cells
2) To understand the functional activities of cells as individual units.
3) To understand the functional activities of cells as components of an interrelated
network of tissues, organs, etc.
Click Here to link to power point files of lectures
Study Questions for Final Exam
How to open power point files from lecture:
How to open power point files from lab:
Study Questions for Chapter
#1
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Describe the history of the study of cell biology up to and including the 3 principles of the Cell Theory. Include something about the major people and controversies that are an important part of this history.
#2) Discuss the sub disciplines that make up Modern Cell biology.
#3) Discuss the usefulness and technological advances in light and electron microscopy. (will be covered in lab)
#4) Discuss the steps of the Scientific Method (will be covered in lab).
Study Questions for Chapter #2
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Describe the underlying chemistry of covalent and ionic bonds.
#2) Discuss the importance of carbon as it relates to biochemistry.
#3) Discuss the importance of water in as it relates to biochemistry.
#4) Describe the principles of polymerization and the importance of hierarchical assembly as it relates to molecular and cellular biology.
#5) Describe self-assembly and assisted self-assembly in cell biology and its importance as it relates to hierarchical assembly.
Study Questions for Chapter #3
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Discuss the Principles of Polymerization in general terms.
#2) Discuss the Principles of Polymerization specifically in reference to formation of proteins, nucleic acids, and/or polysaccharides.
#4) Discuss the reasons that lipids are not considered polymers by definition. Do they follow any of the principles of polymerization if so, which ones and why.
#5) Discuss in great detail the formation of peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, Van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactions and the role each plays in secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein formation.
#6) Discuss in great detail the reason that DNA forms a double helix.
Study Questions for Chapter #4
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Explain three reasons why most cells are very small (<30mm in diameter)
#2) Discuss the ways in which prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ.
#3) Describe a typical eukaryotic cell indicating including cell membrane, contents of the cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton in your discussion.
#4) Briefly discuss the extracellular matrix of plants and animals.
#5) Briefly discuss and compare viruses, viroids, and prions.
Study Questions for Chapter #5
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Discuss the importance of energy and the types of biological work it is used to do.
#2) Describe the flow of energy from the Sun through the biosphere of Earth. Include in your discussion phototrophs, chemotrophs, free energy and entropy.
#3) Discuss the first law of Thermodynamics and how it is measured in biological systems. Include in your discussion the meaning of ehthalpy, exothermic reactions, and endothermic reactions.
#4) Discuss the 2nd law of thermodynamics and how it is measured in biological systems. Include in your discussions the definition of entropy, exergonic reactions, and endergonic reactions.
#5) Write the equations for calculating DG, DGo', and DG'.
#6) Calculate DG when DH= 582 kcal/mol and TDS= 18 kcal/mol. Is a reaction in which this change in free energy takes place exergonic or endergonic?
#7) Calculate DGo'when K'eq = 0.5 and assume standard conditions and concentrations. Could a reaction in which this change in free energy takes place occur spontaneously?
#8) Calculate DGo'when K'eq = 5 and assume standard conditions and concentrations. Could a reaction in which this change in free energy takes place occur spontaneously?
#9) Calculate DG' when K'eq= 5, assume standard conditions but concentrations of B= 0.3M and A= 0.5M). Could this reaction occur spontaneously? If yes, how much energy would it give off, if not how much energy must be added to the system for the reaction to take place?
Study Questions for Chapter #6
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Describe the relationship of enzymes to Activation Energy and Free Energy of a chemical reaction
#2) Describe the general properties of a catalyst and discuss how enzymes fit these properties. Include a discussion of the enzyme as a protein and how this chemical structure particularly suits the properties of a catalyst.
#3) Describe the models of enzyme/substrate binding and the mechanisms of substrate activation.
#4) Describe the 6 functional categories of enzymes and what type of effect each has on the substrate.
#5)Discuss the numerous ways that enzymes are modulated and regulated. Address in your discussion the importance of enzyme regulation to the functioning organism.
Study Questions for Chapter
#7
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Discuss the membrane structures and their properties that allow the membrane to maintain semi-premeable fluid state.
#2) Name and discuss the location and function of the types of lipids found in cell membranes.
#3) What is the advantage of membrane asymmetry?
#4) Name and describe the structural and functional categories of membrane proteins.
#5) You have discovered a new membrane protein, describe the techniques you would use to determine what type of protein it is and where it is located.
Study Questions for Chapter
#8
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Describe the functional categories of of membrane transport and give an example of the types of molecules transported in each.
#2) Describe the types of proteins involved in facilitated diffusion including primary, secondary, and quaternary conformation levels in your analysis.
#3) Describe the relationship of ATP hydrolysis to membrane transport giving specific examples of direct and indirect active transport.
#4) Discuss a mechanism by which energy from photons can be used for direct active transport.
#5) Describe how you would determine whether the inward or outward movement of an ion or a solute would require simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport.
Study Questions for Chapter
#9
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Describe the flow of information in a neuron and how this relates to the flow of information in the nervous system.
#2) Discuss the factors underlying the resting membrane potential.
#3) Discuss the types of membrane transport proteins that contribute to the resting membrane potentials and action potentials.
#4) Describe the phase of Action Potentials and moevment of Na+ and K+ across the membraneduring each phase.
#5) Discuss the role of myelin in action potential conduction.
#6) Discuss the difference between events that occur at a chemical synapse and that occur at an electrical synapse.
Study Questions for Chapter
#10
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Discuss the general characteristics of signal transduction pathways.
#2) Describe the ligand-defined signal transduction pathways discussed in lecture.
#3) Describe the 2nd Messenger-defined signal transduction pathways discussed in lecture.
#4) Describe the receptor-defined signal transduction pathways discussed in lecture.
#5) Discuss how membrane transport and signal transduction are important to Ca++ regulation.
#6) Discuss the signal transduction pathways for glycolysis of glycogen in the liver and apoptosis.
Study Questions for Chapter
#11
(written by Dr. Hettes)
#1) Describe the components of the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) and how these affect the make up of various tissues.
#2) Discuss the proteins involved in Cell to ECM adhesion and in Cell to Cell Adhesion. Give an example of the importance of Cell to Cell adhesion in the immune system.
#3) Discuss the 3 types of cell junctions discussed in lecture including reference to the usefulness and importance of each in tissue formation or cell activity.
Study Questions for Chapter
#12
(written by Dr. Hettes)
1) Discuss the structure and function of the Endoplasmic reticulum including its relationship with ribosomes and transition vesicles.
2) Discuss the role of the Endoplamic reticulum in biosynthesis and glysosylation.
3) Discuss the role of the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum in glucose transport, drug detoxification, and Ca+2 storage.
4) Discuss the structure and function of the Golgi Complex including its relationship to the Endoplamic reticulum and the movement of a proteins and core oligosaccharides through the complex.
5) Discuss exocytosis and endoscytosis including in your discussion the SNARE hypothesis and receptor mediated endocytosis.
6) Discuss the various endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, their origin, structure, and function.
7) Discuss phagocytosis and autophagy.
Study Questions for Chapter #13
(written by Dr. Hettes)
1) Describe in detail metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
2) Describe and Discuss at the chemical level why ATP is so useful in energy storage and transfer.
3) Discuss the role of coenzymes, oxidation (dehydrogenation), and reduction (hydrogenation) in energy transfer.
4) Describe in great detail the process of glycolysis.
5) Describe in great detail the processes of lactate and alcohol fermentation.
6) Describe the process of gluconeogenesis and discuss how organisms maintain a balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Study Questions for Chapter #14
(written by Dr. Hettes)
1) Describe structural and functional organization of mitochondria.
2) Describe in great detail the process of aerobic respiration beginning with pyruvate and ending with ATP synthesis. Include in your discussion the TCA cycle and electron transport as well.
3) Describe how the cells of organisms such as humans can use triacylglycercols as an energy source.
4) Describe how the cells of organisms such as humans can use proteins as an energy source.
5) Describe the structural and functional organization of ATPsynthase.
6) Describe the anabolic glyoxlyate pathway.
Study Questions for Final Exam (New Chapters, 20, 22, 23):
Study Questions for Chapter #20
(written by Dr. Hettes)
1) Describe in detail the steps of Protein Synthesis (Translation) by a Free Ribosome from initiation to termination.
2) Describe the steps of Protein Synthesis (CoTranslation) from initiation to termination in a Ribsome attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
3) Describe the ways that proteins can become integral membrane proteins during cotranslation.
4) Discuss protein cleavage and protein splicing as forms of post-translational processing of proteins.
5) Discuss in detail the post-tranlational insertion of polypeptides into an organelle such as a mitochondrion.
Study Questions for Chapter #22
1) Describe in detail the structure of microtubules and give two examples of their function.
2) Describe in detail the structure of microfilaments and give two examples of their function.
3) Describe in detail the structure of intermediate filaments and give two examples of their function.
Study Questions for Chapter #23
1) Describe the numerous types cell motility giving an example of each.
2) Discuss the which cytoskeletal elements are involved in the various types of motility.
3) Discuss in great detail the chemcial interactions of the muscle contraction cycle.
4) Discuss the mechanisms by which muscle contraction can be prevented.
5) Discuss the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.